The relationship between humanity and nature has always been delicate. Nature serves as both a provider and an adversary. Despite being a single species, we humans hold diverse perspectives. Eastern philosophies often emphasize the spirit, recognizing nature as a sustainer of life, while Western thought has traditionally set humanity apart, advocating for dominion over nature. However, there is a growing recognition of the need for stewardship. True progress and sustainable development require a synthesis of these viewpoints. We must understand that matter and spirit are interdependent.
Nepal is a landlocked nation positioned between two of the world’s largest populations and economies—our neighbors are the first and third largest carbon emitters, significantly contributing to climate change. Geographically, we are particularly vulnerable. Our country lies on a tectonic fault line, with the Indian continental plate shifting beneath the Eurasian plate at a rate of 2 centimeters per year. We rank 11th and 16th globally in terms of vulnerability to earthquakes and multi-hazards, including floods, wildfires, glacial retreats, and glacial lake outbursts. Climate change knows no borders, and we are not immune to its impacts.
In this context, Conservation Alliance Nepal (CAN) is committed to fostering resilient ecosystems and sustainable communities, by integrating conservation initiatives and climate strategies with national security. We aim to forge resilient partnerships dedicated to actionable solutions, prioritizing climate action and justice.
In the early 1970s, Nepal faced a dire environmental crisis due to rampant resource exploitation—primarily of forests and wildlife. In response, the government deployed the Nepali Army to undertake conservation duties, a decision that has proven successful and garnered international acclaim. This initiative was marked by close collaboration with relevant ministries and agencies.
The deployment of the Nepali Army in non-traditional roles began about 50 years ago, during the Cold War, at a time when nations were focused on strengthening conventional military capabilities. The idea of a broader understanding of national security was still emerging. Remarkably, the government of Nepal recognized the long-term security implications of unsustainable resource exploitation early on. The Army’s role evolved from conservation to environmental protection, exemplified by its efforts in the Shivapuri Nagarjun Jaladhar area, a vital water source for the Kathmandu Valley.
Since 2000, global awareness of climate change and its ramifications for national security has increased significantly. Climate change is now acknowledged as a threat multiplier, shaping national security assessments worldwide. The Nepali Army has deployed approximately 8,000 personnel for conservation and environmental protection over the past five decades. This represents a comparative advantage that can be leveraged to build resilience and develop effective responses to climate change.
It is important to note that traditional views of national security focus solely on military threats. However, the concept has evolved into comprehensive national security, which encompasses all facets of state and societal well-being. This shift is reflected in our Constitution, with the Constitution of 2015 embracing a broader definition of national security and establishing the National Security Council, instead of the former National Defense Council.
As climate change exacerbates insecurity among vulnerable populations, it is increasingly recognized as a catalyst for conflict, threatening weak and unstable governments. In this context, there is a pressing need for rigorous academic research to deepen our understanding of the relationship between climate and conflict in Nepal. Conservation Alliance Nepal aims to fill this critical gap by mobilizing the expertise of former practitioners to assist government agencies at all levels—strategically, operationally, and tactically.
Numerous challenges hinder environmental conservation and resource management in Nepal. A significant barrier is the lack of awareness among the public and policymakers regarding the importance of sustainable practices. Additionally, conflicting interests between economic development and environmental conservation create heated debates.
Moreover, inadequate implementation of environmental regulations, weak governance, corruption, and limited resources impede effective enforcement. Insufficient funding and access to technology further complicate our efforts, while poor coordination among stakeholders undermines the development and execution of effective strategies.
While Nepal’s achievements in nature conservation and environmental protection are commendable, we lack a comprehensive grand strategy. Extreme weather events are long term threats to national security and require immediate action.
To conclude, I propose the adoption of a 4R strategy—Readiness, Resilience, Risk, and Response. This will unify our efforts, enhance capacity, and improve effectiveness. Ultimately, our success will depend on translating plans into action, and ensuring that our initiatives move from paper to practice. At the end of the day, climate action is an all hands on deck mission.
The article is excerpted from Gaurav SJB Rana’s speech delivered at the launch of Conservation Alliance Nepal (CAN) recently founded by him. Rana is former Chief of Army Staff and Chairperson of Conservation Alliance Nepal (CAN).
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